Process of making castings.



A. B. NORTON.

PHCESS 0F MAKING CASUNGS.

l APPLICATmN FILED Amm. 19m. 1,296,595. Patented Mar. 4,1919.

4 SHEETS-*SHEEI l.

si m

a7 www A. B. NORTON.

PROCESS 0F MAKING CASTINGS.

APPLICATION FILED APR.20.191B.

Patented Mur'. 4. 1919.

4 5HEETS-SHEET A. B. NORTON.

PROCESS 0F MAKING CASTINGS.

APPLICATION man AFR-.20', |918.

1,296,595. Patented Mar. 4. 1919.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 3- f4@ ,greA

UNITED sTATEs PATENT OEEIOE.

ALLEN B. NORTON, OF CLEVELAND, OHIO, ASSIGNOR TO'THE ALUMINUM CASTINGS i COMPANY, OF CLEVELAND, OHIO, A CORPORATION 0F OHIO.

PROCESS OF MAKING CASTINGS.

Original application led March 9, 1916, Serial No. 83,021. Divided and this application led April 20,

Specication of Letters Patent.

1918. Serial No. 229,704.

formingcastings in permanent molds and` has to do especially with the manner in which the metal is directed and controlled as it flows into the mold cavity and sets or i freezes therein. l

One object of my invention is to provide an improved process of cont-rolling and directing the flow of metal into a mold cavity i@ in a manner that will tend materially to- (a) aid in the proper settin of the casting, (b) preventporosity in te casting, and (c) prevent the entrance of oXids and other foreign materials into the mold cavity.

Another object of my invention is to provide an improved process of controlling and directing the flow of metal into a mold cavity for casting articles having relatively thin walls With internally extending projections, ribs or bosses, and particularly to insure progressive setting of the metal from points remote from the gate to the gate simultaneously on opposite sides of the gate, the metal ir. the gate during setting serving to compensate for shrinkage losses und to reduce porosity in the casting.

Another object of my invention is to provide an improved method of directing molten metal into the mold cavity with minimum agitationof the flowing metal as it enters the cavity and preferably also between its point of entry into the cavity and the point at which it is poured.

Another object of my invention'is to provide an improved method of controlling and directing metal flowing under-.the action of gravity into a mold cavity.

Another object of my` invention is to provide an improved process of controllin and directing the flow of metal into a mol cavity, whereby the metal as it flows establishes of itself a' seal for trapping out from the mold cavity air and other gases and oxids and other foreign materials. A

Other objects which I have had in view will be obvious to one skilled in the art from -to form a cham the following description in which I set forth in connection with the accompanying drawlngs, apparatus adapted to effectively carry out my improved process.

The apparatus herein shown is similar 'to that set forth and claimed in my co-pending application, Serial No. 83,021, filed March 9, 1916, of which the present application is a division.

In the accompanying drawings, Y Fi ure 1 is a top plan view of a mold provide with a gate embodying my invention. Fig. 2 is a section on the line 2 2 of 1. ig. 3 is a fragmentary section on the line 3 3 of Fig. 2.

Figs. 4, 5, and 6 are fragmentary sectional views on the lines 4 4, 5 5. and 6 6, respectively, of Fig. 2.

Fig. 7 is a fragmentary sectional view on the line 7 7 of Fig. 1.

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary section, similar to Fig. 2, showing the pouring of the molten metal.

`Fig. 9 shows a casting having a sprue as formed inra mold embodying my invention.

Figs. 10 and 11 are sections on the lines 10 and ,11, respectively, of Fig. 9.

Referring to the drawings, 1 indicates. as an entirety a permanent mold comprising a plurality of parts adapted to be assembled together to form a mold cavity A. In the preferred form of construction the mold consists of a base member 2 and complementary members 3, 4, arranged on the base member 2. The mold members 3, 4, are provided with abutting side walls 5, each of which hasla semi-circular portion 5 adapted, in coperationwith the semi-circular portion 5a of the wall 5 of the other mold mem' Each of the mold members lpreferably A comprises, in addition tothe wall 5, a bottom wall 6, a top wall 7 and end walls 8, 9, all integrally connected together. These walls project awayefrom the wall 5 and serve r 10, the outer side of which is formed 'by a plate 11. The plate 11 is securedto the end edges of the walls 7, 8,

and 9 by bolts 11 or other suitable devices. The purpose of the chamber 10 will be later described.

12 indicates devices nby means of which the mold members 3, 4, are properly positioned on the base 2 and brought into alinement when moved together. The devices 12 may comprise an annular shoulder 12 on the base 2 andsemi-circular recesses 12h formed in each mold member 3, 4, and adapted to receive the annular shoulder 12a when the said mold members are moved together, as shown in Fig. 1. As the annular shoulder 12" and side Walls of the recesses 12" are struck from the same axis, it will be understood that the shoulders exactly fit within lthe recesses and thus effect the perfect positioning of the mold members.

13 indicates separate alining and positioning devices which may be supplemental to or substituted for the devices 12. The devices 13 comprise a pair of fixed pins 13:a arranged near opposite sides of the base 2 and projecting upwardly therefrom, and recesses 13" formed in the opposing faces of the walls 5. The recesses 13" are of a size and shape to receive the pins. One half of each reoe 13" is formed in each wall 5 so that when the mold members 3, 4, are moved together the pins fit into the recesses 13", and cause the alinement of said members.

14 indicates as an entirety the core which is preferably of the permanent type. The core 14 may be formed of a plurality of sections, not only for convenience in assembling and disassembling, but more especially to provide for projecting members on the inner surface of the casting and the disengagement of the core sections therefrom prior to their removal from the mold. In the preferred form of the construction, the core 14 consists of a ycenter section 14 and pairs of side sections 14". Each of these sections is provided with a handle 14".

The lower end of the core section 14l may be provided with an insert member 14l to efect suitable ventin Above the cavity the mold members 3,

4, are formed with recesses to receive semi- The members 14 are.

circular members 14. formed with fine grooves `14 on their lower end edges and inner faces. These grooves serve as vents for the cavity A.

14 indicates core pins which profeet through openings formed in the sides of the mold members 3, 4. The inner ends of the ins 14t serve as cores to form openings in osses of the casting.

15 indicates as an entirety devices for locking the mold members 3, 4, together. These devices serve to maintain the mold members in rigid relationship during casting, `the opposing faces of the walls 5 being surfaced to fit tightly together. The locking devices 15 may -fbe of any suitable character, but in the construction illustrated,

they consist ofa pin 1'5"? 'fixed to one mold member and a hook member 15" swingingly carried by the other member and movable into engagement with the pin 15". The

hook portion of the swinging member 15" is, preferably provided with a wedge-shaped` The foregoing described parts or combination of parts, in themselves, form no part of my invention but are, as I believe, the iuvention of Joseph H. Bamberg, formerly of Tonawanda, New York, and I therefore make no claim tothe same.

As shown in the accompanying drawings.` the cavity A, in the mold 1, is shaped to form a trunk or skirted piston for internal combustion motors; my improved gate is peculiarly adapted to direct and control the flow of the molten metal to a cup-shaped cavity to form a casting having walls of desired physical structure which are substantially non-porous. i k

The gate is indicated as an entirety at 16 and preferably comprises complementary recesses 16, 16, formed in the opposingr faces of the walls 5, 5. One end of eac-h recess terminates at the upper edge of the adjacent mold member; its other end merges into the mold cavity A. Between their opposite ends, the recesses 16*1 are shaped to the gate 16 as follows: 16" indicates the inlet section for the molten` metal. This section is substantially funnel or cone shaped, Vexcept'for a portion of its upper outer wall which is curved laterally, as shown at 16c to form a convex metal engagin and directing wall or channel. In operation. the molten metal is poured from a suitable ladle B onto the convex wall 16'J which arrests its drop and from which the metal flows or is directed down the adjacent sides of the inlet section 16" without agitation into a pocket or chamber 16" formed at the lower end of the inlet 16". The bottom of. the chamber 16" is rounded and the outer wall of the inlet 16" merges into the wall of the `chamber 16"' at a point tangentiato it so as to avoid the formation of broken or uneven surfaces in the path of flow of the mol.- ten metal.

16d indicates a neck section or control passage which leads upwardly in an`inclincd direction from the pocket 16" and coperatestherewith and with the inlet 16" to forni Y a trap or seal of molten metal. The lower Wall of this neck section 16d at its upper or discharge end, indicated at 16", is in a horiorm the coperating sections constituting zontal plane above the u per wallat the inlet end of ,the neck, as in icated at 16. The

neck or control passage 161 is preferably of the same cross-sectional area from end to end and smaller in cross section than the lower end of the inlet 16" or the chamber 16', so as to'choke and control the flow of metal from the chamber 16h.

16r indicates a delivery gate or feeder into which the neck 16i discharges the molten metal. The delivery gate 16' preferably is connected by a short, narrow passage or slot 16's with the mold cavity A at its upper and lower ends and points therebetween. By this construction the molten 'metal flowing through the gate is fed substantially continually on top of the metal as it rises in the mold cavity until the cavity is completely filled, thereby. compensating during the curing period for any solidification shrin age occurring during said pouring period; furthermore, substantially all ortions of the metal in thecavity are kept 1n contact with and form an integral part with the metal in the gate. The neck 16d is connected to the upper end of the feeder 16'. The purpose of this form of construction is two-fold; first, it permits me to utilize the head of the metal flowing through the neck 16l to force the metal into the eX- treme upper end portions of the cavity A and thereby displace all air and other gases within said cavity through the vents. 14e and second, it provides the necessary head for forcing metal into the lower portion of the mold cavity. In this connection, it will be noted that the upper end wall 16x of the feeder 16 is disposed in the same plane as the upper, end wall of the mold cavity A, so that the metal from the control passage 16'i must flow in a direct line to the upper portion of the cavity and with sufficient force, as will be later described, to fill the entire cavity. Furthermore, this form of construction permits any air which may be forced into or through the control passage to rise in the feeder and escape through the vents 14e during the formation of the casting. The connecting wall 16 between the feeder 16t and neck 16d is preferably curved to avoid agitation of the flowing metal; likewise, the outer, downwardly extending end wall of the feeder is inclined from its point of connection with the wall 16, as indicated at 16h and then curved inwardly, as indicated at 16h to the point where it connects tangentially with the lower end wall of the cavlty A, as shown at 16", likewise to avoid agitation of the metal as it Hows into the mold by directing it along lines substantially parallel to the bottom or lower end wall of the mbld cavity proper.

. As shown in the drawing, the head of the piston is formed in the lower art of the cavity A so that that rtion o the cavity "requires a larger quantity of metal than the upper portion, particularly where thisy head suitable means for insuring the complete filling of this part of the cavity which at' the same time slightly retards the setting act-ion of the metal therein. These means consist in the formation at the lower end of the feeder 16t of a chamber 17, which is adapted to hold a relatively. large quantity of molten metal.

The chamber 17 is formed by making the lower ends of the recesses 16u deeper, as will be clearly understood from Fig. 6. The body of metal thus provided for is of such size that it will set relatively slowly. The metal in the chamber 17 remains in liquid condition long enough to insure filling of the adjacent parts of the mold cavity and assists in retarding the setting action of the metal in the lower part of the mold cavity while the cavity is being completely. filled. The body of liquid metal in the cavity 17 serves to prevent shrinkage in the casting adjacent thereto before it sets.

Where my improved gate is used in a permanent mold, heated during the casting operation, I am enabled to utilize to advantage the heat applied to the mold among other things to assist in maintaining the metal in a fluid state while flowing through the gate 16. The heating means preferably comprise one ormore burners 18 of suitable construction which are arranged to direct flame jets through openings 11" in the plates 11 into the chambers 10. The chambers 10 serve as ovens to retain the heat from the burners and to effect substantially uniform heating of the walls 5, 5a.

The burners 18 are preferably arranged to direct their jets against those portions of the walls-5 in which the gate 16 is formed. it being desirable t0 retard cooling of the molten metal while passin through the gate to the mold cavity A, an( to utilize the direct effect of the burners to the best advantage. -k

To provide for proper filling of the lower art of the mold cavity A, where a consider able quantity of metal is required therefor, the opening 16g from the feeder 16' to the cavity is preferably enlarged, as shown at 16S.

In permanent molds, wherein my invention is most advantageously applied, the air and other gases in the mold cannot escape in any way except through vents and these vents nuxst necessarily be restricted in size yto prevent the escape of metal and as much as possible the formation of fins and lugs. My invention is designed to direct the molten metal to the cavity A without undue agitation of the metal, either because of air and other gases sucked through or trapped in the gate, or of the formation of alr and gas bubbles in the metal being cast, or the mechanical agitation of the molten metal, as

Vmay be caused b splashing. For these reasons the walls orming the inlet, neck and feeder sections of the gate are curved and connected at their adjoining ends in a manner to avoid uneven surfaces so as to insure, in so far as possible, non-agitated flow-of the molten metal.

The trap formed by the seal in the conduit 16d and the lower end of the inlet 16h serves to exclude from the metal fiowing through the neck 16d substantially all air and other gases which may be drawn downward with the metal into the inlet 16"; and what little air and other gases may pass with the metal through the neck 16", is practically certain to b e freed as the metal turns the corner at 16e, and such air and other gases then esca-pe through the vents 14.

The feeding of the molten metal on top of the metal rising in the cavity and feeder from the neck section 16d, as has already been described, is advantageous for the further reason that it keeps the top of the rising metal in a fluid state; thus, in the event any air and other ases are carried into the cavity, they may ree themselves by rising and passing oii through the vents 14e.

From the foregoing description it will be seen that my improved ate serves to feed molten metal to the moldq cavity with minimum agitation and substantially free from air and other gases introduced during the pouring operation, thereby materiall assistin g 1n reducing porosity in the castlng.

It will also be seen that the inlet 16", extends upwardly above the discharge end of the neck 16d a suiiicient distance and is large enough to hold a relatively large amount of metal, the weight of which w1ll serve to force the metal through the neck with considerable ressure. When the cavity A is nearly fillrd with metal, this pressure is utilized to advantage to cause the metal to flow directly from the neck 16d into the upper portion of the cavity with sufficient force to displace the air and other gases and fill the entire cavity.

It will also be noted that the settin of the casting will take lace progressively from a point opposite t e gate toward the gate simultaneously at opposite sides of the casting, and that during this setting' the molten metal in the gate will compensate for crystallization shrinkage in the casting proper. In this connection the short passage 16, between the mold cavity and the feeder section of the gate, performs an important function. For by making this passage short and narrow, and preferably rounding or beveling its side walls as showna in Figs. 5 and 6, itis insured that all metal in said passage by reason of its proximity to the metal in the gate, shall be maintained at a higher temperature than the metal in the mold cavity and will therefore solidify later than the metal in said cavity and earlier than the metal in the gate. If the metal in the' connecting passage 168 were to freeze before the metal in the mold cavity proper it would draw on the latter metal as well as the gate metal to make up for its crystallization shrinkage. Again, if the metal in said passage 16g were to freeze after that in some cross section between it and the gate inlet, the metal in the gate between said passage and said cross section would have to makeup for its crystallization shrinkage by drawing on the metal in the passage and this would or might cause porosity in the metal of the casting proper adjoining its junction with the gate.

I believe that progressive setting of the metal in the casting is one of the important factors in reducing shrinkage porosity or cracks, or defective castings, and I have had in mind in this invention to have the setti take place progressively with that object in view. It is my opinion that when any liquid metal becomes completely surrounded with solid metal, during freezing, its solidification will be accompanied by a contraction of about three to six per cent. of its total volume, porosity accordingly resulting. In my improved process the gate is so constructed with relation to the mold cavity that at no time is liquid metal allowed to be isolated in any part of the casting, 'during the greater ortion of the solidlfication period. At su stantially all times durin the solidification period, the portions o the freezing metal still liquid are in communication with a source of liquid metal from the gate, so that cavities which would normally form by crystallization shrinkage in the casting are filled up. l n

My process in its preferred form vconsists in controlling the flow of molten metal into the mold cavity by changing the direction and velocit of iiow of the metal intermediate the mo d cavity and the initial pouring point in such manner as to control the velocity and direction of the stream of metal as it enters and fills the mold cavit so as substantially to (a) preclude splas ing or interrupted streamaetion of the metal into the mo d cavity, (b) cause the metal 'a's it Hows and before it reaches the mold cavity itself to establish a liquid seal for ,trapping out from the mold cavity air and other lfases, oxidsand other foreign materials, and lo) so direct the stream of lowin metal toward remote portions of the molt? cavity that the head of molten metal will be ut lized to give the desired momentum and direction of flow of metal to such remote portions of the mold cavity to insure the complete filling thereof.

Assuming a given mold cavity having vertical dimensions with portions near the upper end of the cavity somewhat remote from the point at which the metal is to enter the mold cavity, such for example as the cavity A, in the drawings, I that in order to have the desired head of 4metal to assist in completely filling such remote top parts of the mold cavity, the distance from the initial inlet point for pouring to the bottom of the mold will give an undesirable velocity to the metal entering the bottom of the mold and greater momentum than required to fill the mold at the bottom, besides being likely to cause undesirable spashin and forming of globules at the bottom of t e mold as the metal flowing under an unnecessarily high velocity enters the same. Accordingly my rocess of pouring metal consists, first, in dfianging the direction and velocity of How of the metal intermediate the mold cavity and the initial pouring points for the metal. This changing of direction I accomplish by causing the metal to turn a corner, which enables me to slow down its velocity without undue agitation, and at the saine time reduces the amount of direct drop of the metal from the initial pouring point on its Way to the bottom of the mold cavity. Next I cause the flowing metal itself to form a liquid seal, which liquid seal serves substantially to trap out air and other gases and oXids and other foreign materials and to keep them from entering the mold cavity. By reducing ,the cross-sectional area of the duct through which the metal flows as it leaves this liquid seal, I can further reduce the velocity with which it enters the bottom of the mold cavity.

lPreferably I direct the stream of flowing metal las it leaves the said seal generally toward the upper remote portions of the mold cavity, but for the purpose of directing it into the bottom of the mold cavity I then cause the metal for the bottom of the casting to turn another corner and after it has turned this corner to flow incline and thence in a substantially continuous and uninterrupted stream into the tion of gravity,

mold cavity, it being understood that this last incline should preferably be such as to preclude the flowing metal, under the acfrom dropping in such manglobules,

break up into streams Aer, and preferably should merge with the bottom wall of the mold cavity on lines substantially tangential thereto thus insuring that the metal will enter the bottom of ,cavit and rise 4in it substantially-without splas ing or interrupted stream action. As

have found insure the complete `in the bottom section down a gradual the ive the desired momentum of flow to the metal for the more remote upper parts of the mold cavity which metal will be directed toward them by the direction of its flow at is leaves the said hydraulic seal, so as to filling of the upper and more remote parts of the mold cavity.

.After the seal of the molten metal is formed the molten metal poured into the mold engages the metal in the seal in suoli manner as (a) to preclude splashing and formation of globules and (b) to trap out air and other gases, and oxids and other foreign materials.

Referring more specifically to the drawings, the process as therein illustrated of pouring molten metal into the cavity A consists in the following steps:

First, the metal is directed downwardly' from a suitable ladle B on the convex wall 16c ofthe gate. Thence the metal flows downward in a smooth, non-agitated stream so that it fills the chamber 16h and, rising in the neck 16d, forms a liquid seal. Then from the discharge end of the neck 16d, which is vrel.'itively constricted and acts to reduce the velocity of the flow which has already been somewhat reduced by the change of direction in the section 16. the metal flows over the curved wall 16e and thence downwardly over the inclined wall 16h and the curved transition wall 16h whence it moves into thebottom of the mold cavity proper along lines substantially parallel to the bottom wall thereof. The metal thus inducted into the bottom of the mold cavity flows smoothly and in an unbroken stream or mass so that occlusion of air or gases is avoided. As the metal rises of the mold cavity the air above it moves upward into the side sections of the cavity and thence through vent passages surrounding the core to the atmosphere, or such air above the rising metal passes directly finto the vent passages in the lower part of the core and thence upward and out to the atmosphere. Then as the metal rises in the side sections of the mold cavity the pouring is preferably continued at a moderate rate such that the metal does not rise materially in the inlet section 16". Consequently from the neck 16i at a moderate velocity and flows smoothly into the metal which is gradually rising in the feeder section 16 and thence from into the cavity proper. As the level of the 'metal in said feeder section and the mold cavity approaches the level of the wall 16,

the metal .is discharged the upper part of 4said metalV the metal rises higher in the inlet section 16h so that the resulting pressure head, added to the velocity head of the entering metal, insures the discharge of the metal from the neck 16d at a higher pressure and a consequent complete filling of the upper part of the mold cavity. At the end, the pouring of the metal into the inlet 16 is continued until the gate is filledesubstantially up to the convex wall 16. i

The existence of a eutectic in an alloy for casting purposes is peculiarly advantageous in reducing the amount of porosity in the casting, particularly where the liquid portions of the freezing metal arel in direct communication with other liquid metal, for instance in the gate, as provided by my invention, thus permitting the crystallization shrinkage to be filled up or to be taken care of from the molten metal in the gate. As hereinbefore stated, at substantially no time during freezing is any liquid metal isolated from other liquid metal by solid portions.

Reference has been made above to the importance 0fthe short, narrow passage 16 between the feeder section of the gate and the mold cavity proper. A further advantage incident to this narrow passage may here benoted, namely, that it insures the forming of a relatively narrow section of metal between the gate and the casting whichV facilitates the removal of the gate from the casting proper.

While I have shown this port of communication between the gate and the mold cavity to extend from the bottom to the top of the mold cavity, it will be understood that it does not necessarily have to extend the entire length of the mold cavity in an unbroken line so long as it does extend to the top of the mold cavity and has sutlicient area between the top of the mold cavity and the bottom of the mold cavity to fill the mold cavity progressively from the bottom upwardly by continually introducing metal on top of that which has already entered the mold cavity until the top of the cavity is finally reached.

It will be understood that among the Yimpurities which the liquid seal between the inlet and discharge neck will serve to trap out are those having a lower specific gravity than the metal which is being poured and which are insoluble in the metal.

To those skilled in the art, many modifications and widely differing embodiments and applications of my invention will suggest themselves, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. My disclosures and descriptions are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting.

What I claim is:

1. The herein described process,`which consists in causing molten metal to AHow downwardly under the action of gravity toward a mold cavity and then at an angle to the first mentioned direction to form a liquid seal of `the flowing metal itself and then downwardly and into the mold cavity at the bottom thereof and'progressively filling the mold cavity from the bottom to the top.

2. The herein described process for filling a mold cavity to form a cup-shaped casting having a head and a relatively thin skirt extending therefrom, which consists in causing molten metal to flow downwardly under the action of gravity toward said mold cavity and then at an angle to the first mentioned direction to form a liquid seal of the flowing metal itself, then downwardly and into the mold cavity at the bottom thereof, progressively filling the mold cavity from the bottom toward the top and finally forcing molten metal laterally into the uppermost parts of the mold cavity under the gravity action of the molten metal above the entrance to said liquid seal.

3. The herein described process for fillin a mold cavity for forming a cup-Shape casting, which consists in causing molten metalY to fiow downwardly in an unagitated stream under the action of gravity and then at an angle to the first mentioned direction establishing in the metal as it changes its direction of flow a liquid seal, and then downwardly and into the mold cavity at one side of the bottomthereof and progressively iilling said mold cavity' from the bottom to the top.

4. The herein described process for filling a mold cavity for forming a cup-shaped casting, which consists in causing molten metal to flow downwardly in an unagitated stream under the action of gravity and then at an angle to the first mentioned direction in an unagitated stream, the flowing metal establishing a hydraulic seal of itself, then downwardly in an unagitated stream and causing it to enter the mold cavity at one side of the bottom thereof, and then progressively filling the mold cavity fromlthe iottom to the top thereof.'

5. The herein described process, which consists in causing molten metal to flow under the action of gravity downwardly and then upwardly so that the flowing metal will establish `within itself a liquid seal, then directing the metal downwardly to the bottom of the mold cavity and causing it to enter at one Side thereof and to fill the mold cavity progressively, and finally directing molten metal laterally into the topmost parts of the mold cavity to fill the same un der the influence of the action of the upward direction of How of the metal after it leaves said liquid seal and the gravity action of the molten metal above the entrance to said liquid seal.

6. The herein described process,'which consists in causing molten metal to flow the metal after it leaves said liquid seal andV the gravity action of the molten metal above the entrance to said liquid seal.

7. The herein described process of introducing metal into a mold cavity which includes directing the first entering molten metal into the bottom of the cavity on lines L fiecting and decreasin i substantially parallel to substantially parallel to the bottom Wall of the cavity and at a velocity low enough to insure maintenance of the enterin metal in an unbroken mass and prevent sp ashing of the metal and occlusion of air therein, whereby porosity of the casting is obviated.

8, The herein described process of filling a mold cavity which consists in first intro-V ducing molte-n metal into the bottom of the `cavity on lines substantially arallel to the bottom wall of the cavity an at a velocity lovL enough to insure maintenance of the entering metal in an unbroken mass and prevent splashing of the metal and occlusion of air therein, and thereafter introducing additional metal into the cavity at successively higher levels until the cavity is filled.

9. The herein described process of introducing metal into a mold cavity which includesf pourin under the action of gravity toward the bottom of the mold cavity, strongly resisting the flow and decreasin the velocity of the metal at oints interino iate the source of supply an the bottom of the cavity, and directing the first entering molten metal into the bottom of the cavity on lines substantially parallel to the bottom o the cavity and at a velocity low enough to insure maintenance of the enterin metal inan unbroken mass, whereby sp ashng of the metal and occlusion of air and resulting porosity of the casting are obviated.

10. The herein described recess of introducing metal into a moldP cavity which includes pouring the molten metal downward under the action'of gravit toward the bottom yof the mold cavity, aterally dethe velocit of the stream of metal at oints interme iate the source of supply an the bottom of the cavity, and directing the first, entering molten metal into the bottom of the cavity on lines the bott/empf the cavity and at a velocity low enough to insure maintenance of the entering metal in the molten metal downward I an unbroken mass, whereby splashing of the metal and occlusion of air and resulting porosity of the casting are obviated.

1l. The herein described process of filling a mold cavity which consists in curing the molten metal downward under tlie action ot gravity toward the bottom of the mold cavity, strongly resisting tlie flow and decreasing the velocity of the metal at points intermediate the source of sup ly and the bot tom of the cavity, and directing the first entering molten metal into the bottom of' the cavity on lines substantially parallel to the bottom of the cavity and at a velocity low` enough to insure maintenance of the entering metal in an unbroken mass, and there-A after introducing additional metal into the cavity at successively higher levels until said cavity is filled.

l2. The herein described process' of filling a mold cavity to form a casting having tubular lateral walls which consists in pouring the molten metal downward under the action of gravity toward the bottom of the mold cavity, strongly resisting the flow and decreasing the velocity of the metal at points intermediate the source of suipply and the bottom of the cavity, and directing the first entering molten metal into the bottom of the cavity and at a velocity low enough` to iiisure'rnaintenance of the entering metal in an unbroken mass, and thereafter introducing additional metal into the cavity at successivel higher levels until said cavity is filledi.l

13. The herein described process of filling a mold cavity to form a cu -shaped casting which consists in pouring t e molten metal downward under the action of gravity toward the bottom of the mold cavity, strongly resstin the 4flow and decreasing the velocity of t e metal at oints intermediate the source of supply an the bottom of the cavity, and directing the first entering molten metal into the bottom of the cavity on lines substantially parallel to the bottom of the cavity and at a velocity lowenough to insure maintenance of the entering metal in an unbroken mass, and thereafter introducing additional metal into the cavity at successively higher levels until said cavity is filled.

14. The herein described process of filling a mold cavity with aluminum alloys or other metals having a high crystallization shrink age which includes providing adi'acent said cavity a mass of the molten meta relatively large in comparison with the thickness of the casting sections, feedin metal from said mass throu h a short an narrow passage into the sai cavity and causing pro essive setting of the metal from points in t e cavity remotefrom the said feedin passage toward said passage, then in sai passage and finally in the aforesaid relatively large mass of metal.

15. The herein described process of casting aluminum alloys or other metals having high crystallization shrinkage which includes introducing the molten metal into the mold cavity, providing closely adjacent said cavity and in communication therewltha mass of the molten metal relatively large 1n comparison with the thickness of the casting sections, causing progressive setting of the metal from oints in the cavity remote from said mass o molten metal toward said mass and finally in the said mass itself, and during said progressive setting in the mold cavity feeding molten metal from the mass into the mold cavity to compensate for crystallization slririlmge.V

16. The herein described process of filling a mold cavity to form a cup-shaped casting of aluminum alloy or other metal having high crystallization shrinkage which consists in pouring the molten metal downward toward the bottom of the mold cavity, resistingr the flow and decreasing the velocity of the metal at points intermediate the source lof supply and the bottom of the cavit directing the first entering molten meta into the bottom of the cavity m such a direction and at such a velocity as to insure maintenance of the entering metal in an unbroken mass, thereafter introducing additional metal into the mold cavity and causing the level of the molten metal therein to rise, and at the same time maintaining adjacent said cavity and in communication therewith a mass of the molten metal relatively large in comparison with the thickness of the casting sections, causing progressive setting of the metal from points in the cavityV remote from said mass of m'olten metal toward said mass and finally' in said mass itself, and during said progressive setting in the mold cavity feeding molten metal from the said mass into the mold cavity to compensate for crystallization shrinkage.

In testimony whereof I affix my si ature.

ALLEN B. NOR 0N. Witness:

GEO. B. \Prr'rs.

DISCLAIMER 1,296 SMA-Allen B. Norton, Cleveland Ohio. Process or MAKING; Css'rmcs, Patent xiaited March, 1919. Disclaimer filed December 30, 1930, by thepatentee and the assignee, mm Company of America.

Hereby do disclaim fro the scope of claim 14 of said Letters ,Pa'tent any and all uh't into contact with processes except those in which the molten metal is bro chilling surfaces constituting the outer walls of a mold cavit or an internal-combustion-motor iston casting; and your petitioners do hereby disclaim from the scope of claim 15 of t e said Letters Patent any and all recesses exce t those processes 1n which the molten metal is brought into contact with chilling surces constituting the will of a mold cavity for an internal-combu stion-lmotor piston casting.

l' Goutte Jam/.wy 13, 19.31.] 

